Artificial Intelligence (AI) is fundamentally transforming the scientific process across all stages, from hypothesis generation and experimental design to data analysis, peer review and dissemination of results. In many research fields, such as the examined protein structure prediction, materials discovery and computational humanities, AI accelerates discovery, fosters interdisciplinary collaboration and enhances reproducibility while improving access to advanced analytical and computational capabilities.

These developments align with the European Union (EU)’s vision to make AI tools and infrastructure more accessible, strengthening research in areas of strategic importance such as climate change, health, and clean technologies.

However, this progress introduces new challenges, including concerns about algorithmic bias, the proliferation of hallucinations and fabricated data, and the potential erosion of critical thinking skills. AI Adoption remains uneven across scientific domains, and addressing these risks requires robust governance, transparency and alignment with open-science principles

This report, accompanying the publication of the European Strategy for AI in Science, provides scientific evidence to support policymakers in maximising AI’s benefits for EU’s research excellence, innovation and competitiveness, while ensuring its deployment in science remains ethical, inclusive and aligned with European values.